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The Fragrant Concubine (Chinese: Xiāngfēi; Uyghur: Iparxan, Khoja Iparhan) is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the Qianlong Emperor during the 18th century. Although the stories about her are believed to be mythical, they may have been based on an actual concubine from western China who entered the harem of the emperor in 1760 and who carried the court title of Rong Fei.<br/><br/> Some suggest, however, that Imperial Consort Rong (whose original name may have been Maimur Azum) and Imperial Consort Xiang were different women. Han Chinese and Uyghur tellings of the legend of the Fragrant Concubine diverge greatly, and her experience represents a powerful symbol for both peoples. The story became greatly popular during the early 20th century and has since been adapted into several plays, films, and books.
Guan Yu (-220 CE), style name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty of China. He played a significant role in the civil war that led to the collapse of the Han Dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period, of which Liu Bei was the first emperor.<br/><br/> As one of the best known Chinese historical figures throughout East Asia, Guan's true life stories have largely given way to fictionalised ones, most of which are found in the historical novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' or passed down the generations, in which his deeds and moral qualities have been lionised. Guan is respected as an epitome of loyalty and righteousness.<br/><br/> Guan was deified as early as the Sui Dynasty and is still worshipped by many Chinese people today, especially in southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and among many overseas Chinese communities. He is a figure in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to Guan are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795.<br/><br/> On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Fragrant Concubine (Chinese: Xiāngfēi; Uyghur: Iparxan, Khoja Iparhan) is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the Qianlong Emperor during the 18th century. Although the stories about her are believed to be mythical, they may have been based on an actual concubine from western China who entered the harem of the emperor in 1760 and who carried the court title of Rong Fei. Some suggest, however, that Imperial Consort Rong (whose original name may have been Maimur Azum) and Imperial Consort Xiang were different women. Han Chinese and Uyghur tellings of the legend of the Fragrant Concubine diverge greatly, and her experience represents a powerful symbol for both peoples. The story became greatly popular during the early 20th century and has since been adapted into several plays, films, and books.
The Fragrant Concubine (Chinese: Xiāngfēi; Uyghur: Iparxan, Khoja Iparhan) is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the Qianlong Emperor during the 18th century. Although the stories about her are believed to be mythical, they may have been based on an actual concubine from western China who entered the harem of the emperor in 1760 and who carried the court title of Rong Fei. Some suggest, however, that Imperial Consort Rong (whose original name may have been Maimur Azum) and Imperial Consort Xiang were different women. Han Chinese and Uyghur tellings of the legend of the Fragrant Concubine diverge greatly, and her experience represents a powerful symbol for both peoples. The story became greatly popular during the early 20th century and has since been adapted into several plays, films, and books.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Worthy Lady Shun (1748 - 1788) came from the Manchu Niohuru clan. She was the daughter of the Governor General Aibida. Lady Niohuru was born on November 25, during the thirteenth year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. She entered the imperial court aged 18, on June 26, during the thirty-first year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and she was 37 years younger than the Qianlong Emperor. When she first entered the imperial palace, she was given the title Worthy Lady Chang (the sixth lowest rank among an emperor's wives). During the thirty-third year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign, Lady Niohuru was elevated to an imperial concubine, and given the title Imperial Concubine Shun, meaning "conformity". In June during the forty-first year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign, Lady Niohuru was again elevated to an Imperial Consort, and was given the title Imperial Consort Shun. However, on January 29 during the fifty-third year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign, Lady Niohuru was demoted to a Worthy Lady (back to the third-lowest rank). On October 28 the same year, Lady Niohuru died, aged 41.
The Consort Shu (1 June 1728– 4 July 1777), came from the Manchu Yehenara clan. Lady Yehenara was born during the sixth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign. Lady Yehenara entered the Qing Dynasty Imperial Court when she was fourteen years old, during the sixth year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. Upon her entrance, Lady Yehenara was given the title Worthy Lady (the sixth lowest rank among an emperor's wives). In November the same year, Lady Yehenara was elevated to an Imperial Concubine, and was given the title Shu (meaning comfort). In April during the fourteenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Lady Yehenara was promoted to a consort. During the sixteenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Lady Yehenara gave birth to Qianlong's tenth son, who died in infancy. Lady Yehenara died on July 4, during the forty-second year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, aged 49.
The Noble Consort Ying (1731 - 1800), was born during the ninth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign. She was the daughter of banner Lieutenant General Nachin, and came from the Mongolian Barin clan. During the twenty-second year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Lady Barin was elevated to an imperial consort, and finally, during the third year of the next emperor, Emperor Jiaqing's reign, Lady Barin was elevated to the Noble Consort Ying. She died on February 29, during the fifth year of the Jiaqing Emperor's reign, aged 70.
Consort Dun came from the Manchu Wang clan. She was the daughter of the Governor General Sige, and was born during the eleventh year of Emperor Qianlong's reign. She entered the imperial court aged 17, on October 18, during the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong's reign, and was given the title Female attendant Yong (the third lowest rank of Emperor's wives). She was 36 years younger than the Qianlong Emperor. On December 17, during the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign, Lady Wang was elevated to Worthy Lady Yong (the sixth lowest rank of Emperor's wives). On October 10 the following year, Lady Wang was promoted to an Imperial Concubine, and finally, in September during the fourteenth year of Qianlong's reign, she was elevated to a Consort. During the same year, Lady Wang gave birth to Qianlong's tenth daughter, Princess He Xiao.
The Imperial Noble Consort Qing Gong (1724 - 1774), was an Imperial Consort of the Qianlong Emperor of China, and came from the Lu clan. Lady Lu entered the Imperial Court around the first year of Qianlong's reign, and was given the title Worthy Lady Lu. During the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Worthy Lady Lu was elevated to an Imperial Concubine, and during the fourteenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, she was promoted to a consort. Nineteen years later, during the thirty-third year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, she was elevated to the rank of a Noble Consort, and given the name Qing, meaning 'Celebration'. Lady Lu died during the thirty-ninth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, aged 50. Because the next emperor, the Jiaqing Emperor has been raised by Noble Consort Qing, she was posthumously given the title of 'Imperial Noble Consort Qing-Gong.
The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui (1713 - 1760) came from the Manchu Sugiya clan. She was the daughter of Sujinam and was born in the fifty-second year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Lady Sugiya entered the imperial court during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor and became a concubine of the then Prince Hong Li (later the Qianlong Emperor). When in 1735 Prince Hong Li ascended the throne Sugiya was given the title of Concubine Chun. Later Lady Sugiya gave birth to two sons and a daughter. In 1760 Lady Sugiya was given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun (meaning purity). However, Lady Sugiya died half a year later in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong Emperor's reign. She was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui and was later interred in the Yuling Mausoleum for consorts.
Empress Xiao Yi Chun (23 October 1727 - 28 February 1775) came from the Han Chinese Wei clan. Her clan name was later changed to the Manchu Weigiya clan during the Jiaqing Emperor's reign. Empress Xiao Yi Chun's father was Wei Qing Tai, a Han Chinese official from Jiangsu. Lady Weigiya was born during the fifth year of the Yongzheng Emperor's reign, and entered the Qing Dynasty Imperial Court as a lady-in-waiting to the Qianlong Emperor in 1745. Weigiya gave birth to six children in total, including four sons and two daughters. Among her children was the future Jiaqing Emperor. Weigiya died on 28 February 1775, in the fortieth year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. She was aged 47 years old, and was given the posthumous title of 'Imperial Noble Consort Ling-Yi'. In 1796, when Weigiya's son ascended the throne as the Jiaqing Emperor, he granted Weigiya the posthumous title Empress Xiao Yi Chun meaning 'Filial, Graceful, and Pure Empress'.
The Imperial Noble Consort Hui Xian (1711 - 1745), came from the Manchu Gao clan. Her clan name was later changed to Gaogiya during Emperor Jiaqing's reign. Her father was the Qing Dynasty scholar Gao Bin (died 1755). Lady Gaogiya became an imperial consort of the Qianlong Emperor during Emperor Yongzheng's reign. When in 1735 Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, Lady Gaogiya was granted the title of 'Noble Consort'. Lady Gaogiya died in the tenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, and was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Hui-Xian. Several years later, she was interred in the Yuling mausoleum together with Empress Xiao Xian Chun who died three years after her.
Noble Consort Shu Jia, concubine of the Qianlong Emperor (dates and background not known).
The Imperial Noble Consort Qing Gong (1724 - 1774), was an Imperial Consort of the Qianlong Emperor of China, and came from the Lu clan. Lady Lu entered the Imperial Court around the first year of Qianlong's reign, and was given the title Worthy Lady Lu. During the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Worthy Lady Lu was elevated to an Imperial Concubine, and during the fourteenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, she was promoted to a consort. Nineteen years later, during the thirty-third year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, she was elevated to the rank of a Noble Consort, and given the name Qing, meaning 'Celebration'. Lady Lu died during the thirty-ninth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, aged 50. Because the next emperor, the Jiaqing Emperor had been raised by Noble Consort Qing, she was posthumously given the title of 'Imperial Noble Consort Qing-Gong.
The Imperial Noble Consort Hui Xian (1711 - 1745), came from the Manchu Gao clan. Her clan name was later changed to Gaogiya during Emperor Jiaqing's reign. Her father was the Qing Dynasty scholar Gao Bin (died 1755). Lady Gaogiya became an imperial consort of the Qianlong Emperor during Emperor Yongzheng's reign. When in 1735 Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, Lady Gaogiya was granted the title of 'Noble Consort'. Lady Gaogiya died in the tenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, and was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Hui-Xian. Several years later, she was interred in the Yuling mausoleum together with Empress Xiao Xian Chun who died three years after her.
The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui came from the Manchu Sugiya clan. She was the daughter of Sujinam and was born in the fifty-second year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Lady Sugiya entered the imperial court during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor and became a concubine of the then Prince Hong Li (later the Qianlong Emperor). When in 1735 Prince Hong Li ascended the throne, Sugiya was given the title of Concubine Chun. Later, Lady Sugiya gave birth to two sons and a daughter. In 1760 Lady Sugiya was given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun (meaning purity). However, Lady Sugiya died half a year later in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong Emperor's reign. She was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui and was later interred in the Yuling Mausoleum for consorts.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti; Mongolian: Tengeriin Tetgesen Khaan, Manchu: Abkai Wehiyehe, Tibetan: lha skyong rgyal po, born Hongli (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.<br/><br/> The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti; Mongolian: Tengeriin Tetgesen Khaan, Manchu: Abkai Wehiyehe, Tibetan: lha skyong rgyal po), born Hongli (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.<br/><br/> The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795.<br/><br/> On 8 February, he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799.<br/><br/> Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795.<br/><br/> On 8 February, he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799.<br/><br/> Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Macartney Embassy, also called the Macartney Mission, was a British embassy to China in 1793. The Mission ran from 1792–94. It is named for the first envoy of Great Britain to China, George Macartney, who led the endeavour. The goal of the embassy was to convince Emperor Qianlong of China to ease restrictions on trade between Great Britain and China by allowing Great Britain to have a permanent embassy in Beijing, possession of 'a small unfortified island near Chusan for the residence of British traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships', and reduced tariffs on traders in Guangzhou.<br/><br/> The embassy was ultimately not successful. This was not due to Macartney's refusal to kowtow in the presence of the Qianlong Emperor, as is commonly believed. It was also not a result of the Chinese reliance on tradition in dictating foreign policy but rather a result of competing world views which were uncomprehending and incompatible.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
The Qianlong Emperor (Chinese pinyin: Qianlong Di; Wade–Giles: Chien-lung Ti) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.